PROTOCOL

                          PROTOCOL

                Protocol has a lot of meanings.Firstly,it is the document signed at the end of the investigation,a meeting or the session.Secondly,it is a minutes of agreement between the diplomats.Thirdly, in diplomacy,they are rules applied in the correspondence the relations between the states,official ceremonies, negotiations between president and their representatives. Finally,it is seriousness of official relations and transactions.
   
            Diplomatic protocol is a field of the protocol.Protocol is kind of rules in a diplomatic area.It have developed in paralel with the outgrowth of diplomacy.Diplomatic protocol has an important place for diplomats to perform their diplomatic missionan.In the past,diplomatic ceremonies and ranks had caused conflicts between states. For example, which side of emperor diplomatic representatives would seat.Does the signature of the representatives will be at others signature over or beside,etc. Protocol has become a prestigious and honor problem.Diplomatic protocol carries both ceremonial and contextual features. Sometimes the shape is so important than the content. Especially in the period of the kingdoms, the prestige of the dynasty attached on the protocol. Shape is moved to front of the content.

           Diplomatic protocol is an indispensable part of the regulation of state relations. A feature of the protocol is to define the character of the state. As well as, complying with the protocol which it belongs state you visit is respect for other states.In my opinion,diplomatic protocol should be considered the most important protocol.

CASUS BELLI

                                        CASUS BELLI

              Origin of casus belli word is a Latin.Casus means "incident", "rupture" or indeed "case", while belli means "of war".Casus belli is that in the language of diplomacy and international law, any action cause discontinue in relations between the state may cause war. State qualifies another state's behavior as dangerous for him as a casus belli is massive and certain way.

              For example before the I.World War,Germany wanted to implement the Schlieffen Plan before not to be caught between France and Russia,the two fire.Therefore Germany accept casus belli to Russia's mobilization.Germany announced behaves like previously.Thus it had had legitimate reason for war.

             Agreements are made between countries. And as a result of any breach of any of the rules is firmly war. Legal, economic, cultural and / or political actions that may be a reason for war. The casus belli has a very fine line.Therefore, while making the agreement should not be open-ended topics. Everything should be clear. One side shouldn’t excuses one of rule and can not use for their own purposes.

GLOBALISM

                 GLOBALISM

            Globalism is an ideology like all “ism”. Noble thought is a New World Society. We are going to one world regime with a combination of countries all over the world.At the first stage,although this world looks like utopian, the world people will unite with globalism. It is preaching that it will bring satisfaction and happiness by producing common solutions to world problems and eliminating the existing problems.It wants to create absolute peace and a permanent peace.We can think globalism as all world has a same religions.

           Looking at the world today, we can think that globalism will not happen ever.Because self-fighting competition between nations, wars, human rights abuses, poverty, hunger thirst shows this mission meaningless. We see it like the philosophy of religion.It eliminate all differences.There is no religion, language, culture discrimination, social differentiations.They preach the equal world.

        Globalism draws attention to the importance of the economy,too.It supports capitalist relations and a kind of exploitation.It also uses of Marxist analysis although not all globalists are Marxists.I said that globalism would not be possible.But today,there are political,cultural and particularly economic globalization.A world began to be same particularly in a economic way. This may be the beginning.At the end of the process,we mentioned up there can come true.Though I do not believe.Also I don’t want that all this come true. I do not want to lose our self.There is no such a absolute peace and permanent peace.

GLOBALISATION

                                      GLOBALISATION

        The word, globalization is not used only as an economic concept.It is also used to describe international system which we take place in. Globalization means that common values of political, cultural, economic and social areas go beyond local and national borders and spread the world. The concept of globalization was first used in 1960s. Today,use of globalisation is widespread highly.

        We think that globalization as a whole.Politica creates a fundamental part of globalisation. The economic is the largest and most influential part of it. In addition to the social and cultural part is smaller than the other.Therefore, it is a shallow point of view that globalization seen as only activities in the field of economic. Some of the reasons of globalization can be these:people travel frequently, rapid developments in information and communication technology, and the increase in Internet usage.

           Let us consider that the concept of globalization as a living organism. It is organism boundaries and dimensions are unidentified. It grows steadily and does not allow anyone that only they can have. It is a result of modernization and moves with more capitalism.Today, most of the activities of the western countries and the United States effect globalization.

ANARCY

                 ANARCY

          Anarchism is against the state and the hierarchy.It is based on individualism, freedom and choice.So it can be said that anarcy approachs liberal views.Anarchists can do their own bussiness without state in peace and mutual respect. The government is forcing unwanted, bad and it is unnecessary. Anarchy is based on such as tradition, community, cooperation, equality and common ownership ideas. Anarchism rejets any kind of authority in all circumstances. In short,anarchism is a political philosophy and social movement.

          Anarcy is agaisnt elements of order established by authority.They are family, school, 
 authority,hierarchy, state, capitalism, policy.These elements limit human capacity.It is opposit of anarchist views. In my opinion,they could be right in somewhere. Mother and father are the authority in the family. Children obey those in authority.Some children are extremely limited during the development of them. If you say them what they have to do,they will get used to do what you says. They will be robat to obey a larger authority in the future.Because they couldn’t interrogate what is required to do from them.They couldn’t discuss for his/her ideas. On the other hand, like the idea of God ,family restrict latitude of thought.I said God.Because,peopel stop thinking when we start talk about religion. They accept without question. Anarchists against it.

           In the end,according to anarchist everyone will have equal freedom. According to me there is a freedom that is limited,here.A world of anarchists that they want is ideal world. Perhaps the world should be. But here we are talking about human nature.People are confrontational, ambitious and always looking for layout. Anarchists defend that not restricting the capacity of people. But they against who defend order and think differently from them. They are trying to impose their own philosophy use of aggression. I think they contradict themselves.

COERCION

                     COERCION

          Coercion is one way to do what you want.Threats, intimidation, trickery, or some other form of pressure or force can be used.Coercion is a way to accept requests before brute force. Requests aren’t expressed gently.Various ways try.Millitary intimidations, economic coercions, cultural pressures, diplomatic means to force etc.

           Coercion doesn’t include physical damage as brute force. Aim is restricting the movement of the opposite side. In doing that we can make collaboration to give intimidation to the opposite side. So that they are surrounded. Deep responsibility to fulfill the national objectives.You would prevent the fulfillment of national objectives. As a result,exert pressure begins in this country.This country can’t resist both internal and external pressures and bow to pressure. It is as a chain. Best strategy is chosen and if the rings link together not to break,you can get whatever you want.

          As the speed of modernization, technology is developing.Any country does not fall behind with globalization in this development. Anyone can get everything.Of course, this is superficial view.Just some details are missing.But it is true.Everyone has a chance to be equal. Time of that strong one defeat the weak side by war is left behind. Mind took place of power. Smart strategy is enough to coerce to opposite side. To accept something threat,pressure,force.coercion would be enough to enforce a demand.





 

MAJOR WAR

                MAJOR WAR

          Major war is a large-scale wars.we can call them,”World Wars”. Or wars have the results which they affect the world. Destructive forces are higher. Large-scale destruction and death will happen. 20. century large-scale advanced weapons were used in major wars. Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, tanks, wide-range weapons, aircraft, submarines, etc.These weapons that can bring mankind's last, were invented and used in the first world war.Managers who are incompetent in the political sense and act with greed and nationalist,ignored destructiveness of these weapons.Major wars changed the fate of almost all countries. Effects and pains are still experiencing.They will never be forgotten. We can say that these weapons are not used in large-scale fighting in wars,also had severe consequences.

        Hundred Years' War, Seven Years' War,The First World War,The Second World War and closer to the present major wars are Civil War in Afghanistan, Somalia Civil War, Iraq War etc.
Until the end of the second world war,the major wars were affecting the world. Then it went down. Most of war has won the regional character. Other countries interfere to solve problems in the region and protect the international system.Other countries take place physically in war if they want.

       There is no particular reason for war.Countries used to attack that why you look at me by saying.There were some reasons like religion,political,economical,historical etc.Than they understand that this means a loss of power,money and human.They established international institutions to resolve disputes.But it sometimes didn’t work.Someone was out who want more land, power and revenge.They were often military administrators who want them. They succumb to greed.They had started the wars which collapse the international system. 

      Major wars were began by super powers. Now, the same super powers are trying to protect the system and avoid experiencing the same things again. But any country does not fall behind in developing weapons technology. In near future, if any war ,there will be more severe consequences. When it will happened, I do not want to be close.

DETERRENCE

                 DETERRENCE

                   Deterrence, is a military strategy. The concept developed after the Second World War. This concept worked period of the Cold War.Previously,it was on the use of nuclear weapons. Between the U.S. and the Soviet Union that it had a nuclear balance, both sides weren’t attacked each other.One side has fears that others destroy itselfs. In this way the other side will have been discouraging to use nuclear weapons. The opposite the case, nuclear war is suicide both nations. A balance of deterrence between the parties. It is considered that balance will establish between sides.

              At the beginning,the aim of the national defense of the country, one of the most important sanctions force in international relations, military deterrence that has come out to the highest level. Today, military deterrence,not the soldiers have or the number of weapons system,is measured their effectiveness. Develop criteria for the effectiveness of the defense system has chaged with the technology. New ones were added such as being reliable, being ready to work,real-time processing on the classical criteria such as mobility,range,diameter. The most important part of deterrent is enhanced the second strike capability.For example,Russia attacted U.S’ nucleer bases and prevent its counter-strike.But U.S. has weapons which are providing the second strike. Submarines and their nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons are always in the air bombers and nuclear weapons platforms which we do not know where they are.The second stroke capability actually provides deterrence. If ever Russia must beat the United States several times.

             Today, nine countries have nuclear weapons. The most important of these United States, Russia, Britain, France, China.These countries can improve weapons without being checked and accountability to anyone else.Especially the United States and Russia have nucleer weapons will be destroy creatures on earth second time. This also increases their deterrence among themselves. According to me,deterrence is a psychological game. A game that could have severe consequences. And it must be played.Therefore,countries can’t have nuclear weapons need to increase defense power. Everything depends on a good strategy.

FAILED STATES

                             FAILED STATES

              Failed states can characterize with social, economic and political failure and the results of these.The failure of the country's effects are important for the own situation and position in the international field. Consequences for the country itself: They are ineffective in interactions with other states,have difficulty ensuring the fulfillment of public services. The impact of the decision of the authority has lost legitimacy, loss of physical control of its territory. They can seek help from other countries for the implementation of physical force in that country to gain its power again and authority to re-establish.This request increases intervention of foreign powers in the country. This situation can cause people to exit from the guerrilla organizations. Because their country is under the control of someone else's disturbing. In addition, the country's history and national feelings, this can be effective. No one in their own country does not want to take someone else's orders. In both cases country's independence is compromised. The loss of political authority and sovereignty of the countries within it would cause civil strife. After unemployment, poverty, hunger and death will take place immediately. As a result of foreign interventions, wars and great suffering and destruction will bring more.

              Failed states are well-known state in the international field.They are equal on paper with other states.But they lack the authority to handle their own territory and population. In the list of failed states, Somalia is located in the first place.There is any an effective central authority in Somalia since 20 years yet.Country does not have authority creates dangers for own population,in neighboring countries and the world. In the case of Somalia, the largest problem is piracy.

              There are too many failed states and countries would be. This is causing serious concern in terms of world security. There are countries like Somalia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Chad, People's Republic of Congo, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Lebanon which are failed states. Almost all poor countries. But the same generalizations should not make for all them.Each country has individual characteristics and past and should be examined separately. But if there is a known thing, that the failed states create threat for international system.International effort is required to correct this. And assistance should be made out without waiting for the benefits. Before the military intervention, their cultural, ethnic, economic, social the structure must be investigated. Without losing the esence,it is necessary remedy in this areas.

NEOLIBERALISM

                         NEOLIBERALISM

       Neoliberalism, a kind of classical political economy is an updated. As Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman economists and Robert Nozick philosophers have been effective in the development of this idea. Aim is to limit state.Neoliberalists work to improve the efficiency of capitalism and bring growth and common prosperity. They are in favor of free trade.They are against state enterprises. They are in favor of private property.They give more importance to the individuals. In short, the private good, public bad. For them is no such thing as society. There are only individuals and families.Therefore,they associate with a strict individualism.

       International Monetary Fund (IMF) support to the foundations of this movement. After the Second World War,the world away from Keynesian economics has dominated the world.To defend o liberalization of capital and has great impact on world economies, it been called neo-liberal currents.

      Neoliberalism is different from classical liberalism.It completely ignores the state.It assume that, updated every movement is more moderate than old version.But neoliberalism is extreme capitalists. Therefore,it is a right-wing movements.

FOREIGN MINISTER,DIPLOMATIC HIERARCHY

            FOREIGN MINISTER,DIPLOMATIC HIERARCHY

        Foreign Minister works depending on government. It is responsible for external relations.It provides to conduct of relatioship with other countries and international organizations.Countries must have an effective foreign policy to have an important place in international relations.Also,they should be active side in their dialogue with other countries. They should be needed side to help countries in crisis,too. To ensure all these aims,their foreign policy is needed to determine the best way and must be effectively implemented. The Foreign Minister and its employees will prepare the basis of foreign policy. Minister of foreign affairs must protect and develop interests of nationals living in other countries against foreign states and international organizations. Also,cooperating with foreign states and their representatives and make the negotiations and contacts the relations are in tasks of Ministry of Foreign Affairs.At the same time they are duty of Foreign Minister. Foreign policies of other states must adopt their own country's foreign policy.

         The importance given to external relations incerased throuhg the Second World War.For instance,during the II.World War, Turkey requested be included in the war. If it had been entered into the war, this would be a disaster. Despite all the pressures,this destruction had prevented with an active diplomacy. The country's interests were protected in a best way.

      Foreign Minister is one of the representitive of the country in international arena. Therefore,it can increase or decrease the prestige of the country.Thus,it has to have same qualification. Foreign ministers must have the highest academic information. Human relations must be high.And it has to be patient.It must know several languaes to ensure communication with the states easily. Qualified, knowledgeable, cultured minister is very important.

        Diplomats are conducting foreign relations with foreign governments. But they haven’t the same rank and responsibility.There are hierarchy between them.Diplomatic hierarchy is;
-ambassador
-minister
-minister-counselor
-counselor
-first secretary
-second secretary
-third secretary
-attache
-assistant attache

HARD POWER and SOFT POWER

           HARD POWER and SOFT POWER

     Power uses in many fields.The political value of this concept is important for us.If we know that what’s the meaning of the power in political way, it will be more easier to understand intergovernmental relations. Power is the strength which influence the behavior of others.In international relations,power is access to military and economic resources, the size in the interstate system as activity. Power is relational concept.There are two types of power in international relations:Hard power and soft power .

    Hard power is a term used in international relations. Hard power is a theory that describes using military and economic.We can coerce other states to do something use of threats or rewards.Hard power is opposite of soft power.

   Soft power is cultural and diplomatic influence.It doesn’t contain economic and political operational interventions.Therefore it differs from hard power.In soft power,there is the consent of the affected side unlike hard power. We face it as cultural.We can think it as assimilation policies on the other states. Development assistance organizations have an important role on development of soft power which developed countries have.

    As a result,soft power is more effective than hard power. When you use receive a violence and coercion,someone can react you.But when you use soft power,no one can’t understand that what is going on.They can’t blame you. You can get what you want without using violence.You don’t need the forces to conquer.That is enough to use your culture and diplomacy in everywhere effectively.To sumup,the smart move is soft power.

ALLIANCES

                                ALLIANCES

             Alliance is combining of two or more states in agreement. They united to fight against the common enemy. But not only against the enemy,different alliance can be established. There are military, political,economic,ideological alliances.It is assume that state which made military or political alliances with other state, can not reach the national goal on its own. State in the equivalent power can make union power. Such behavior can be found in almost every age. Common economic interests between the states can create commercial alliances.For example,COMECON,OPEC.

         Political alliances enhance deterrence. But economic alliances are long-term than political alliances. The most important are those of the military alliance. These may be unilateral or bilateral. The most famous examples are NATO and Warsaw Pact. Their content of important is that attack to one of ally,it was deemed to have been made to all allies. After The Second World War, modern weapons were developed. It has been effected establishing alliances.Nuclear armaments between USA and USSR caused that all Europe was forced to make alliances with the United States.

       Causes of the conflict between alliance members are lack of common interests, political,social, cultural differences.As relation between the USA and the USSR,during The Second World War.

      

      Away from economic interests, ideological alliances can not be prolonged. Equality in the alliance should not be look for. Different states are different interests. Distribution of power within the alliance, will be provided by the great powers.

IMPERIALISM

                                             IMPERIALISM  

                The concept of imperialism is used for the first time in nineteenth century in England.It had a different meaning from today. Some British statesmen and parties prepareda program to prevent the spread of colonial and to collect them in a federation.It’ name was imperial federation.They followed imperialist policies to come true this program. After the process expansion of the British was completed, this program,entered into force. Because the period of stagnation had begun.There the use of imperialism was so different than today.It was not not spread and growth.It was program to protect the status quo. Then it took the current meaning.
  
                The relationship between imperialism and capitalism have been interpreted in different ways.For example,according to Lenin,imperialism was the inevitable result of capitalism. Soviet declared states which participate second world war that they were in an imperialst war. Also in 1941, the Soviets entered the war.They also explained why they entered the war. To fight against imperialism.

              Lenin and Stalin had different ideas about imperialism.Only point in common of them was that modern wars were a result of capitalist imperialism. They were right on one side.Because, capitalists provide great benefits in the war.Whn we look back in history,cause of imperialism is not only due to the economic benefits.Before the capitalism ,there were aims of the spread. imperialist political,social, psychological,military factors can affect the imperialist behaviours.
 
           Today, capitalism has a great effect on the imperialist movement.As long as,unequal distribution of power among states,imperialism also will continue to exist between the states.

COLD WAR

                                    COLD WAR

             Second World War had caused great destruction as economic and political,particularly in Europe.While Europe has problems with economic,two imperyalist country,USA and USSR got strong. These two countries divided the world into two.While USSR trying spread socialism to all over the world,capitalist countries as USA aimed to protect capitalism against USSR’ plan.Many countries took place in these blocs. The name of the cold war era is the emergence of tensions between two poles. In this period the parties were not armed attacks on each other. Removing the threat of war,USA and USSR nuclear arms race and mutual attritions between them caused of tensions.


             The concept of power was important during the Cold War. Diplomacy lost its productivity between states, largely.Both sides were trying to prove to be stronger than the other. It was like the race who will be more armed. They were focused on nuclear armament there was concern for the world.Because,there were fears to repeat a similar incidents when Hiroshima had become. Small capitalist countries made threaties with USA to guarantee themselves.They established NATO in 1949.It had twenty-eight members,USA was the leader.It is stil active.Socialist countries created Warsaw Pact against to NATO in 1955.It disestablished on 1 July 1991. Worrying about the war lasted 20 years ffrom 1945 until 1991.

  
               The Cold War, the result of a war which has experienced the devastation and suffering. It is a period for twenty years,fear of nuclear war will be.It was the destruction of USA and USSR’ arms race. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the collopse of the USSR,the era was over.

COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE THEORY

                         COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE THEORY
 
            ‘The complex interdependence’ theory was developed by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye.It is interdependence or transnational connections between states in a economical way.This relations have increased since II. World War.After the war,states were decreased military forces. Economic relations has come to the fore.

        Globalization makes the same all over the world. So,nowadays,states can not be alone in world system.If they want it,the others will not allow them.They need their economic resourses. When they do collaboration ,they will combine as political and military. The balance of power between states will be provided. When cooperation countries take a decision,they consult each other. Frictions and conflicts reduce.The balance of economic cooperation will create an atmosphere of peace.It is a theory that states and communities have regular and healthy relationship between each other.

           The complex interdependence theory based on economy,not military or political. But economic relations will make cooperation on these issues.Economic interdependence is not necessary. They can survive within the system are forced.At the end this communation don’t make colonize.It effects to international relations in a good way.It is a theory which provide s peace.

BALANCE OF POWER THEORY

                      BALANCE OF POWER THEORY

           Balance of power theory is an equality between states.It is a political behaviour and fundamental principle of diplomacy.It ensure to equal benefits about many issues and in different situations. For instance,to find allies before the war or make agreements to avoid war.Political, economic or military balance is tried to be ensured. Powerful states can establish a coalition with each other against a coalition of powerful states. Weaker states joining a stronger power or coalition with in balance of power politics (band wagoning).
   
          Balance of power theory traces back to post-medieval Europe among the Italian city states in the 15th century.Florence and Milan made alliance against to Venice.They had been trying to avoid the dominance of Venice.This alliance was not to destroy to Venice.It was just to show that both side have an equal power.Thus,origin of the balance of power theory was born. Peace of Westphalia, gave way to the doctrine of the balance of power. It was mentioned after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.The other point of theory see durind the war.The importance given to the balance of power has increased because of expanding size and area of war.We will have seen it in I.World War.The world divided into two, The Triple Entente and The Central Powers.They were side of the balance of power.They were balanced in political,economic and military way.So the war couldn’t be finished a long time.

        Balance can be established for many reasons;to establish hegemony over other states.To protect their own safety. To create an atmosphere of peace.That is the important thing why you will do.Nowadays,to establish hegemony over other states in a democratic way. Ostensibly,all states have equal world in international relations.But there is always dominant one. Equality is not concerned between the states.

MARXISM AND NEO-MARXISM

                     MARXISM AND NEO-MARXISM
              Marxism is a kind of materialist worldview which has political,philosophical , economic and sociological sides. It is based on the theory of class struggle.These classes are proletariat and bourgeoisie.Production tools are in the hands of the bourgeoisie.They have property rights.But proletariat have not.It is cause of the struggle.Consequently,class consciousness was formed in proletariat.They must be winner in this struggle.Then,we will come world of communism that where we will find social equality and freedom.
             Marxism is based on opinions of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.They supported and interacted with own opinions each other.They took care working class than their private life and their life.They began writing The Communist Manifesto and based The Principles of Communism was written by Engels.Engels was a leader of Revolution of 1848. This revolution will have been the biggest inspiration of communist movements.Moreover,he harmonized the communist theory and family.In the other word,man tries to put pressure on woman as bourgeoisie had done to working class.Therefore he is accepted one of the founders of femisim,too.His companion Karl Marx founded theoretical communism.He said state is dictatorship of the working class instead of the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie.He has “Historical Stages Theory” .They are Primitive communism, slave society,  feudalism, capitalism, socialism, communism. In this theory Marx considered socio-economic conflicts development in Western Europe.
            In Marxsist ideology,state can not be understood distinct from economic structure of society.Thus, classes arise.State live that classes must be in struggle. 


          NEO-MARXISM:They are loyal to some marxist principles.But they try reorder to classical ideals of Marx.Also they refuse predence of the economy and privileged status of working class. Many prominent neo-Marxists were sociologists and psychologists such as Herbert Marcuse. Social class in Neo-Marxism made according to Weberian Stratification.They are class,satatus and party.

CLASSICAL LIBERALISM

                      CLASSICAL LIBERALISM 
           Liberalism is a political ideology which makes a point of liberty and equal rights. It limits the goverment and religion. Social Contract includes that citizens are equal.No one can dominate the others.As a result,everyone is free.People don’t need to put back in something to think or their behaviours.Most liberals support fundamental ideas as liberal democracy,free and fair elections,free trade,freedom of speech and religion.Liberalism accepts model of transparent goverment and social life in order.All liberals accept human rights like a individual’s right to life, liberty and property rights.Property rights pass from father to son.But it barriers to equality of opportunity.In this situation,liberalism allows to only one class to collect the capital.Difference between this class and the others increases. Therefore,liberalism is ideas flow makes prosper to bourgeous.  
           The roots of liberalism goes back to Age of Enlightenment in late seventeenth and eighteenth century Western Europe.Liberalism developped and argued by John Locke,Thomas Hobbes and Adam Smith.John Locke is widely known as the father of liberalism.He showed that mind is a guide in human life.He shook absolute managment with his idea.Because he saved people give their unquestioned obedience to king.Economic liberalism was formalized by Adam Smith in his work ‘The Wealth of Nations’.He established the ‘invisible hand’.He adopted "Laiseez faire laisez passer” doctrine.It’s mean,states can’t interfere to economic relations between individuals,classes and international.Hobbes published his work ‘Leviathan’.Leviathan is a monster which is a state that it dominate over everything.For this reason,he resembel with liberals.
           In classical liberalism,individuals have own personality and capable of thinking.They don’t owe anything to society or the other people.Liberals are anti-sympathetic to state and all goverment intervention.